The Dangers of Economic Polarization: A Cautionary Tale

Burial chamber of the Sutton Hoo ship-burial 1, England. Reconstruction shown in the Sutton Hoo Exhibition Hall.

I feel another blog entry coming on.

I’m currently reading a fascinating book by Robin Fleming entitled Britain After Rome: The Fall and Rise 400 to 1070. Fleming has a trajectory that is *not* in the direction of the typical book about this poorly documented period in British history, a trajectory that tells the story of elites, of kings and bishops and warring kingdoms. Instead she focuses mostly on the lives of everyday people and what their lives were like. There are very few written records of the lives of ordinary people but there is an archaeological record. In particular, burials give a good idea of the economic circumstances in which people lived. Not just burials either. You have to take your garden variety mound burial with a grain of salt. People were buried in their Sunday best, not the equivalent of the t-shirt and stained jeans that they wore to paint the garage. Burials often contain remnants of cloth, jewelry, and bones and teeth which will indicate the sort of diet the person had in various times in their lives.  House sites indicate the living conditions of different classes, if “class” is a word you can use in this unorganized period of British history.

Fleming’s thesis is that in the third and fourth centuries Britain became economically polarized. Increasing Romano Britons built elaborate villas and the island became almost a bit of a resort. Meanwhile, average people struggled to make ends meet. As the third century continued the economy began to include more and more goods, especially ceramics, made in Britain and sold to Britons. Small villages began to form while cities began to decline.

Eventually by the later fourth century the economic polarization and the weakening of Rome’s grip on the island through invasions from the north caused the economic and social structure to collapse in the matter of a few decades. Cities and villages disappeared and the island became a large landscape with farms. Cities such as London and York (to name two) lay uninhabited. The large villas in which wealthy elite entertained their high status friends fell into ruin and were gradually demolished by locals looking for ready made building materials.

It wasn’t until the sixth century, along with the re-introduction of Christianity and the gradual immigration of Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and other Germanic peoples, that cities began to come to life again. Villages and towns began to form, and the Church in Britain grew by leaps and bounds. The stratification of society began again, with local families who had talent gradually grew into higher status dynasties. Burials record this shift. If you could afford to bury your loved one with a valuable brooch, sword or other prestige item you had money. Some local families eventually raised up sons who became chieftains and later kings, and thus established the foundation of the British nobility that still exists today.

Although Fleming doesn’t use this term, this is essentially an apocalyptic scenario. It’s a cautionary tale, and an important one to remember. When societies reach the point that a small minority own the majority of wealth in a society they’re headed for trouble. This has been a political issue, rightly so, in the last several Presidential elections, and will certainly be a major issue in 2020. I’m not going to suggest that our society and economy is on the verge of collapsed, although for some it has already collapsed, such as the family that files for bankruptcy because they have depleted their life savings to pay for treatment for cancer, or the homeless person on the street in any major US city who needs but does not have basic mental health care and who dies on a park bench from exposure in a late fall cold snap, one that most people are aware of only because they bump the thermostat up a couple of degrees. Some scientists argue that we are already too late to retreat from catastrophic disaster

We could be heading for an apocalyptic scenario that might involve the collapse of the Internet, and various other elements of life that we take for granted. We must address the inequality in our society or it will turn around and bite us in a most uncomfortable way when we don’t expect it.

We've come to the point in the United States when the individual is supreme. What I want is more important than anything else. The immediate problem with this, however, is that each of of nearly 300 million people may want something different. There will be conflict. The conflict is between the self-interest of the 1% and the interest of those without adequate resources to meet their daily needs. This self-interest manifests itself in how elites carry themselves in society, from the way they drive to how they behave when told that they can't have what they want when they want it. We could easily go down the drain unless something changes.

The Challenges of Colonial New England Genealogy

Me standing next to the memorial stone for my 9 gr. grandfather
Thomas Hooker, first pastor of the First Church of Christ in Hartford,
CT and the co-founder of Connecticut and Hartford. He's not actually
buried with the stone. He is buried somewhere in the cemetery but
nobody knows exactly where.

I've been doing genealogy all my life. My parents were interested in it, and my mother became a crackerjack researcher with her job as a reference librarian. I grew up in an area where my family has been for centuries, central Connecticut. I have large clusters of ancestors all around Connecticut, in the Connecticut River valley in Massachusetts, and all of eastern Massachusetts. New England genealogy has its own characteristics. With New England genealogy, the thing you need to keep in mind is this. If you have ancestry going back to the 17th century (1600's) in New England, there is a relatively small pool of people from whom you are going to be descended. The growth of each generation is exponential. In many small farming communities it was common for first cousins to marry. As a result, it is possible to be descended from the same family multiple times. For instance, I am descended from a Nathaniel Merrimam in Wallingford, CT who was one of the original settlers of Wallingford in 1670. I go back to him seven different times. I am descended from three of his children. This is in separate lines back. How could this happen? People tended to say in one place. It wasn't unusual for the most eligible young woman to find that her only prospects were her nearby cousins, or vice versa. 

Published genealogies covering the period before 1900 are common for a number of early settlers who had a lot of descendants. How many descendants can one couple have? Consider this. Generations grow exponentially. Imagine immigrant settlers John and Mary Smith, both born around 1610, come to New England in the 1630's and settle in Massachusetts. They have ten children, three of whom die in childhood. Out of the remaining seven, one does not marry, but the other six do. Each of those six children has ten children. Voila. John and Mary Smith have sixty grandchildren. Sound implausible? Not at all. Now imagine forty of those sixty grandchildren each having eight children. John and Mary Smith, by now dead, have 320 great grandchildren. Out of those 320, 250 have six children each. Now John and Mary Smith, whose gravestones by now are growing lichen, have 3,000 descendants. Keep doing the math and you will see how it grows. I'm generally 9 or 10 generations from my immigrant ancestors. Someone with better math skills can spin out the possibilities.

Another factor that will boost the number of descendants of one family is if the father was married more than once. Childbearing was a very risky enterprise for a woman in the colonial period. Death from complications after childbirth were common, from causes such as hemorrhaging or puerperal sepsis, when the placenta does not come out completely. It was common for a man to be married two or three times during his lifetime. If the second and subsequent wives were younger and of the age to have children, a man could be fathering children into his sixties. That creates another odd scenario, of shortening or lengthening generations. If someone is the youngest child of the second wife, the generation is longer. Compound this several times and a large gap, multigenerational in fact, will occur. I am in different generations descended from the same person. On the other hand, if a person is an early child, and that compounds itself, the generation is shorter.

Prime examples of couples with a huge number of descendants are some of the Mayflower settlers. John and Priscilla Alden are good examples. They have many tens of thousand descendants. So do John and Priscilla Howland, William Bradford, and William Brewster. Mayflower ancestry isn't an exclusive club, it's one in which a lot of people haven't realized yet that they are members.

So far I have found two Mayflower ancestors, Thomas Rogers, who died during the first winter, and Peter Browne. Through their mother my children are descended from four Mayflower passengers--one entire family. My wife is related to John Alden through his sister. I'm descended from the uncle of William Brewster. Undoubtedly some more will pop up. Right now I think my wife may have a Mayflower passenger but I'm still working on that.

My ancestry from all these English nobility, royalty, and such is just luck of the draw. Since the pool of people who came over from England is small, their own ancestry is magnified many times over. And, by then, they probably had no clue that they were descended from nobility, and probably couldn't care less.

Common pitfalls in researching New England genealogy include a general repetition of names, especially in any given family. I've seen lines in which the oldest son was named after his father, who in turn was named after his father. Finding a line in a family that has three or four Samuel Smiths in a row is common. Then there is the issue of children dying young, an unfortunate occurrence that was all too common. It was fairly common for the name of a child who died to be repeated the next time a child of the same sex was born. Having two children named John Brown, for instance, would not be common.

The problem of names being used a lot gets even more complicated. Suppose you have two cousins both named Samuel Heath. Each of them names their first son Samuel Heath. These cousins are six months apart in age. Which Samuel Heath do you go back to?

Common names for men included John, Samuel, Nathaniel, Jonathan, Israel, Josiah, Benjamin, and others. Common names for women included Mary, Elizabeth, Sarah, Deborah, Margaret, Hannah, and others. Occasionally women will have names such as Silence, Patience, Prudence, or some other virtue.

Occasionally you will come across someone who seems to have dropped out of the sky. One of my great great grandmothers is such a case. I can't find a trace of her family of origin. Nothing. All I know about her is that she was born around 1820 in New York state, and that she married my great great grandfather and raised a family. Another is an earlier ancestor, Samuel Sturdevant, who appeared in Plymouth, Massachusetts around 1645. His wife's name is uncertain, and nothing can be found about him--where he came from in England, whether he was born in Plymouth or in England. Those are dead ends, either permanent or temporary. I just discovered Sturdevant this week. I doubt anything will ever turn up on him. As for my great great grandmother, I've been on her trail for 30 years. I haven't given up yet.

I subscribe to Ancestry.com, which has made research much easier. Remember, though, that not everything you need is going to be online, and when you are looking at someone else's research do so with a critical eye, and don't take everything they put out as accurate. I have found much good research on Ancestry.com but I have also seen a lot of wishful thinking on the part of someone who wants to be descended from a famous person in history.

New England genealogy is an acquired taste, although it is very addictive. It is a great way to learn about history and the lives that people lived in various times in the past.